Russia said its neighbours have been paying below-market rates and these now need to be brought into line with European prices. A clash between Ukraine and Russia over pricing last winter was blamed for a surge in UK consumer gas bills. The EU’s Andris Piebalgs said Brussels was following the situation closely. “I call on the two parties to reach as soon as possible a satisfactory agreement that does not put in question gas transits to the EU,” said Mr Piebalgs, the EU’s energy commissioner.

Last week, Georgia agreed to pay $235 for 1,000 cubic metres of gas, more than twice the previous price. Moscow has also renegotiated its contract with Bulgaria, which will see it pay up to 45% more for imports over the next five years. Critics argue Moscow is using strong-arm tactics to strengthen its economic supremacy, at a time when high demand for energy and fears of supply shortages have strengthened its position as Europe’s leading gas supplier. The dispute has strained relations between Russia and Belarus, which are traditional allies.